Oligospermia vs Spermatorrhea: A Comparative Review from Unani and Modern Perspectives

Oligospermia and spermatorrhea are two significant yet distinct disorders of the male reproductive system, frequently encountered in both modern urology and traditional Unani medicine. Oligospermia refers to a low sperm count, which is a direct cause of male infertility. In contrast, spermatorrhea involves the involuntary discharge of semen without orgasm, which, although not always linked directly to infertility, reflects deeper neuromuscular or psychological imbalances. This review discusses the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic criteria, and treatment strategies for both conditions with a focus on the traditional Unani system. Emphasis is laid on the temperament-based (mizaji) approach of Unani Tibb and its integration with modern medical understandings.