Next Generation Photovoltaics: Trends in Materials and Systems

Photovoltaic (PV) materials are at the heart of solar energy conversion technologies and show an important role in the evolution toward sustainable energy systems. Various researchers proposed countless methods for harnessing energy from the constant solar radiation through solar panels. However, relatively low efficiency is the primary challenge with solar panels, which is influenced by the temperature of the panel, the solar cell type, the panel orientation, and the solar irradiance level. As the promote to reduce carbon emissions grows stronger, it is most important to produce and utilize solar panels in the most efficient manner. This is possible by enhancing their power generation and performance. Additionally, a significant challenge for panel installations is the availability of land or space. Numerous studies have examined the evolution of technologies used in the production of photovoltaic (PV) cells and their designs. However, there remains a gap in the field, particularly when it comes to integrating the latest PV technologies and architectural advancements concentrate on improving the efficiency of PV applications. This paper reviews the current state of PV materials, which include traditional silicon-based cells in addition, emerging materials such as perovskites, organic photovoltaic, quantum dots, and thin-film technologies. Emphasis is placed on material properties, device performance, fabrication methods, environmental impact, and future research directions. This paper also searches the tasks associated with commercialization of next-generation PV materials, scales and stability. The integration challenges of solar panels and potential areas for future research are also examined. This work offers useful insights for both readers and researchers, providing a foundation for understanding the factors influencing solar panel efficiency. It also discusses approaches to improving efficiency and outlines the obstacles that need to be addressed to ensure the successful implementation of these systems.